European Framework of Reference
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (in short: CEF) is a basis for the development of syllabi, curricula, exams etc. in whole over Europe.
The CEF describes in detail what it takes to master a foreign language in that it specifically delineates skills and knowledge items learners need to have to be effective communicators.
CEF descriptions include the cultural contexts a language is embedded in. The reference frame also defines language levels and competencies helping to measure and assess language learning processes.